高净值客户身份规划究竟有多重要?
2022-03-25 毕马威KPMG Professional Article
2022-03-25 Professional Article

身份规划如今已是众多高净值客户或超高净值客户在财富保全与传承规划中不可或缺的一部分。无论是美、英、澳、加的投资移民类别签证或护照,还是盛行一时的“黄金护照”, 已成为一些高净值家庭的“标配”。与此同时,我们近期也关注到一些高净值人士及其家庭成员开始重新审视现已持有或即将要获取的身份,对已选择的身份是否能达到预期的效果感到困惑,尤其针对这些身份是否会对财富的保护或传承带来额外的风险有进一步分析及调整的需求。

 

过去,驱使高净值家庭考虑额外身份主要来源于以下的目标或用途:

  • 移民移居
  • 家族成员跨境“配置”
  • 便于出行(探亲、旅行)
  • 子女教育入学


随着市场的逐渐成熟以及信息壁垒的减少,许多家庭意识到已有的身份可能并不能帮助其实现目标;同时,身份规划目的地的税收制度、法律制度、以及政治、经济动荡反而会对高净值家庭的财富保护与传承造成额外的风险。如果缺乏通盘考虑,容易造成“因小失大”,例如以下三种情形:


情形一:护照不等于税务居民

A先生为中国居民,其了解到X国的个人所得税很低,没有资本利得税,并且知道某“大佬”也拿到了X国的国籍,考虑到自己有很多股权资产准备卖出,再加上X国风景宜人,经济发达,因此通过投资方式获得X国的护照,但并不能在X国常住。

 

A先生一家针对税务居民的身份规划有两个疏忽:

  • 第一,获得护照不等于成为这个国家的税务居民,很多国家的税务居民身份是通过居住时间或者综合判断决定的。
  • 第二,忽视了中国税务居民身份的分析:一般情形下,如果A先生一家仍然长期在中国居住且没有放弃中国户籍,即使其持有X国护照,也仍然很可能被视为中国税务居民,并在中国就其境内外资产出售所得收益缴纳个人所得税。

 

合理的前期规划(特别是中国及海外国家或地区的税务考量及安排)将有助于高净值个人和家庭更有效地进行海内外资产配置并降低涉税风险。


情形二:忽视目的地国家的税务负担

B女士一家为子女教育一直希望移民Y国。早年通过投资移民成功登陆后,只有B女士及子女维持了Y国身份并常年在Y国生活,B女士的配偶仍在中国居住并且已经放弃了Y国的身份。B女士对Y国复杂的税务种类,如资本利得税、遗产税、赠予税、弃籍税等一知半解,但考虑只是自己与子女在当地生活,而子女年龄还小,所以不认为需要过多的考虑。

 

B女士的处理方式值得商榷,因为在税收系统复杂的Y国,B女士生活所在地、报税的方式、居住时间、B女士配偶的经营活动、资产转让等因素都会对其自己甚至子女的税务负担产生较大的影响。同时,如弃籍税等税种的计算等都与作为税务居民的时间相关联,B女士需尽早对税务负担做出评估和安排。


情形三:银行开户无帮助

C先生正在考虑为其境外资产开立一个离岸账户,同时,他的一位企业家朋友告诉他,如果用境外身份开户,就可以“隐藏”自己的中国税务居民身份,规避CRS信息交换。C先生考虑获得成本较低的Z国护照,以实现境外开户的愿望。

  • 首先,银行都会对特定国家的护照持有者(尤其是可以较低投资额获得护照的海岛国家)额外关注,以确认开户人是否具有其他的国籍。因此,中国居民通过小国护照很难在境外开立银行账户。
  • 其次,我们认为在全球信息交换及加强监管的大环境下以及财富保护及传承的初衷来看,“隐藏”个人资产或者身份的想法并不可取,其可能会为家族后期的财富保护与传承造成更大的困难。


身份规划中可能存在的误点远不止上述三种情形,任何身份的获得,如果没有前期的通盘考虑,轻则完全无效,重则为家庭财富带来更多的税务及合规风险。获取新的身份后,如何结合当地的税务及法律体系,合理的确认及维护税务身份也至关重要。身份规划及后续身份维护(完成相关税务及法务合规要求)不仅能够帮助高净值个人按计划实现自身及家族成员的生活(居住、出行、后代教育等)目标,也能提升华裔在海外的地位及便利度。

 

高净值家族在身份规划及安排前,除了聘用移民顾问外,必须咨询法律和税务顾问一起提供全面分析方案,做到未雨绸缪,进退有度。

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