高淨值客戶身份規劃究竟有多重要?
2022-03-25 畢馬威KPMG Family Trust
2022-03-25 Family Trust

身份規劃如今已是眾多高淨值客戶或超高淨值客戶在財富保全與傳承規劃中不可或缺的一部分。無論是美、英、澳、加的投資移民類別簽證或護照,還是盛行一時的“黃金護照”, 已成為一些高淨值家庭的“標配”。與此同時,我們近期也關注到一些高淨值人士及其家庭成員開始重新審視現已持有或即將要獲取的身份,對已選擇的身份是否能達到預期的效果感到困惑,尤其針對這些身份是否會對財富的保護或傳承帶來額外的風險有進一步分析及調整的需求。

 

過去,驅使高淨值家庭考慮額外身份主要來源於以下的目標或用途:

  • 移民移居
  • 家族成員跨境“配置”
  • 便於出行(探親、旅行)
  • 子女教育入學


隨著市場的逐漸成熟以及信息壁壘的減少,許多家庭意識到已有的身份可能並不能幫助其實現目標;同時,身份規劃目的地的稅收制度、法律制度、以及政治、經濟動盪反而會對高淨值家庭的財富保護與傳承造成額外的風險。如果缺乏通盤考慮,容易造成“因小失大”,例如以下三種情形:


情形一:護照不等於稅務居民

A先生為中國居民,其了解到X國的個人所得稅很低,沒有資本利得稅,並且知道某“大佬”也拿到了X國的國籍,考慮到自己有很多股權資產準備賣出,再加上X國風景宜人,經濟發達,因此通過投資方式獲得X國的護照,但並不能在X國常住。

 

A先生一家針對稅務居民的身份規劃有兩個疏忽:

  • 第一,獲得護照不等於成為這個國家的稅務居民,很多國家的稅務居民身份是通過居住時間或者綜合判斷決定的。
  • 第二、忽視了中國稅務居民身份的分析:一般情形下,如果A先生一家仍然長期在中國居住且沒有放棄中國戶籍,即使其持有X國護照,也仍然很可能被視為中國稅務居民,並在中國就其境內外資產出售所得收益繳納個人所得稅。


合理的前期規劃(特別是中國及海外國家或地區的稅務考量及安排)將有助於高淨值個人和家庭更有效地進行海內外資產配置並降低涉稅風險。


情形二:忽視目的地國家的稅務負擔

B女士一家為子女教育一直希望移民Y國。早年通過投資移民成功登陸後,只有B女士及子女維持了Y國身份並常年在Y國生活,B女士的配偶仍在中國居住並且已經放棄了Y國的身份。 B女士對Y國複雜的稅務種類,如資本利得稅、遺產稅、贈予稅、棄籍稅等一知半解,但考慮只是自己與子女在當地生活,而子女年齡還小,所以不認為需要過多的考慮。

 

B女士的處理方式值得商榷,因為在稅收系統複雜的Y國,B女士生活所在地、報稅的方式、居住時間、B女士配偶的經營活動、資產轉讓等因素都會對其自己甚至子女的稅務負擔產生較大的影響。同時,如棄籍稅等稅種的計算等都與作為稅務居民的時間相關聯,B女士需儘早對稅務負擔做出評估和安排。


情形三:銀行開戶無幫助

C先生正在考慮為其境外資產開立一個離岸賬戶,同時,他的一位企業家朋友告訴他,如果用境外身份開戶,就可以“隱藏”自己的中國稅務居民身份,規避CRS信息交換。 C先生考慮獲得成本較低的Z國護照,以實現境外開戶的願望。

  • 首先,銀行都會對特定國家的護照持有者(尤其是可以較低投資額獲得護照的海島國家)額外關注,以確認開戶人是否具有其他的國籍。
  • 其次,我們認為在全球信息交換及加強監管的大環境下以及財富保護及傳承的初衷來看,“隱藏”個人資產或者身份的想法並不可取,其可能會為家族後期的財富保護與傳承造成更大的困難。


身份規劃中可能存在的誤點遠不止上述三種情形,任何身份的獲得,如果沒有前期的通盤考慮,輕則完全無效,重則為家庭財富帶來更多的稅務及合規風險。獲取新的身份後,如何結合當地的稅務及法律體系,合理的確認及維護稅務身份也至關重要。身份規劃及後續身份維護(完成相關稅務及法務合規要求)不僅能夠幫助高淨值個人按計劃實現自身及家族成員的生活(居住、出行、後代教育等)目標,也能提昇華裔在海外的地位及便利度。

 

高淨值家族在身份規劃及安排前,除了聘用移民顧問外,必須諮詢法律和稅務顧問一起提供全面分析方案,做到未雨綢繆,進退有度。

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